At the moment it feels like we are in downward phase, but this is a process that will take decades," he said.ISIS jihadists have gained an important foothold in Gaddafi’s hometown Sirte and launched attacks, last week killing more than 50 people in a bombing at a police school in Zliten, the worst incident since the revolution.But he said there was still hope for positive change, if Arab governments focus on more "inclusive" policies to pursue economic growth and good governance."The Arab Spring was a moment in history comparable to the fall of the Berlin Wall, in the sense that there were major shifts in geopolitical maps, like in the 1990s," said Michael Ayari, an analyst with the International Crisis Group.

There has been a rise in jihadist violence since Ben Ali’s overthrow, most dramatically in the attacks on the Bardo museum and on a Mediterranean resort that killed 60 people, most of them foreign tourists.Saudi Arabia launched a military intervention in March 2015 to support Hadi’s government but there are few signs, despite UN peace efforts, of a war that has killed more than 6,000 people coming to an end.

Then-Army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sisi took over and launched a harsh crackdown on Morsi’s supporters, leaving hundreds dead and thousands in prison.Tunisia was not only the first Arab Spring country but also its only partial success story.In Libya, an uprising against long-time leader Moamer Gaddafi quickly became an armed revolution backed by Nato, and his overthrow and killing in 2011 have been followed by continued strife and political chaos.In Yemen, the stepping down of long-time president Ali Abdullah Saleh after mass protests was followed by deep instability and eventually war after Shia Houthi rebels forced his successor Abedrabbo Mansour Hadi to flee the capital."Those were exciting days.The father of a 10-year-old Syrian girl, who was reportedly killed in airstrikes that hit a kindergarten, carries her body before her funeral in the village of Deir al-Asafir in the rebel-held region of eastern Ghouta, on the outskirts of the Syrian capital Damascus.. The democracy fever spread," Hafez Ghanem, the vice president of the World Bank, wrote in a recent book to mark Illuminated sign Manufacturers the start of the Arab Spring.But five years later, the countries that followed Tunisia’s example could hardly be worse off, the hopes of their people dashed by new autocrats, strife, civil war and the rise of the virulent jihadism exemplified by the Islamic State group.Jihadist violence has surged, especially in the restive Sinai Peninsula, and ISIS has claimed a range of deadly attacks, including the downing of a Russian plane in October that killed all 224 people on board."Only weeks before Ben Ali stepped down after 23 years in power, few could have expected the wave of change to come.But nowhere were the aspirations of the Arab Spring more disappointing than in Syria, where peaceful protests against President Bashar al-Assad evolved into a brutal civil war that has left more than 260,000 dead and forced millions from their homes.After nearly five years of war Syria is in ruins, its people scattered, many of them turned desperate refugees hoping to reach Europe.

"The Arab Spring is not a season," he wrote.Rival parliaments and governments are vying for power and UN efforts to bring about a unity government have so far failed.The revolution shook West Asia, setting off the hopeful uprisings that came to be known as the Arab Spring.Much of the country has been taken over by ISIS, which has declared a "caliphate" in areas under its control in Syria and neighbouring Iraq, committing widespread atrocities as it imposes its harsh interpretation of Islam.". — AFPOn January 14, 2011, Tunisians packed the streets of their capital and shocked the world by overthrowing long-time dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.In Egypt, the ouster of Hosni Mubarak was followed by turbulent unrest and eventually a military overthrow of his Islamist successor Mohamed Morsi, the country’s first civilian — and freely elected — President.From its base there, ISIS has organised or inspired a new wave of attacks on the West, including the November 13 massacres on the streets of Paris and the "Charlie Hebdo killings a year ago."We still don’t have a clear reading.Elsewhere in the region, popular uprisings were less the beginnings of a new spring than preludes of harsh winters.Shia protesters inspired by the Arab Spring also launched demonstrations against their Sunni rulers in Bahrain but were put down a month later. "It is a first and important step on the long road to a new political, social and economic order. Sporadic unrest has continued.But the country has elected a new government and its National Dialogue Quartet — a group of four civil society organisations — was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015 for helping to save its transition to democracy.A month earlier a street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi had set himself on fire in the town of Sidi Bouzid, triggering the mass protests that eventually brought Ben Ali down."But can a country with no democratic tradition and with weak institutions become a well-functioning democracy and improve the lives of its citizens overnight The answer is obviously no."It is clear that the Arab transition has taken on a violent, and even scary character," wrote Ghanem, whose book The Arab Spring Five Years Later: Toward Greater Inclusiveness was published by the Brookings Institution in December